Australian Cities Timeline

Click on the screenshot below to open the interactive timeline.

Screenshot of the Timeline for Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880-2010s

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Sydney: Dam Water, Filth to the Ocean

In this chapter of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s,” the authors describe how the city of Sydney, New South Wales, has pursued the dual goals of plentiful water and cheap sanitation through the construction of the massive Warragamba Dam and ocean outfall sewers. Sewage polluting Sydney’s iconic beaches saw large protests in the 1980s and 1990s and closer monitoring of the ocean outfalls. Householders successfully curtailed their water consumption during the Millennium Drought, but as soon as dam levels rose again, water restrictions were abandoned because water retailers gain financially from higher consumption.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Perth: Water Beneath the City

In this chapter of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s,” the authors show the extent to which the people of Perth, Western Australia, have relied on the groundwater of the Swan Coastal Plain, and the implications of this reliance in a drying climate. In the context of private and public extraction of groundwater, the government in 2014 commenced a groundwater replenishment scheme to “recharge” the local aquifers with treated wastewater.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Melbourne: DIY Infrastructure

In this chapter of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s,” the authors describe the ways in which infrastructure failed to keep pace with population growth in Melbourne, Victoria, and how residents developed their own means to overcome deficiencies. Residents of the postwar suburban frontier installed septic tanks and pan toilets, joined together to lay stormwater drains to improve the health and amenity of their local streets.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Introduction

This is the introductory page of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s”—written and curated by Andrea Gaynor et al.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Adelaide: Restricted Development

In this chapter of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s,” the authors describe how the city of Adelaide has responded to periodic water shortages. Water security was sought first in reservoirs, then the Murray River, and more recently desalination. While earlier periods of shortage led to the development of the dual-flush toilet, the need for water conservation was only really cemented in the urban consciousness with the Millennium drought of 1996–2010.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

Browse the exhibition

Brisbane: Dams and the Subtropical Challenge

In this chapter of the virtual exhibition “Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s,” the authors show how the development of Brisbane, Queensland, on a floodplain rendered the city vulnerable to flood events. Although engineering measures have mitigated floods, this overview highlights the enduring belief in urban “flood-proofing” alongside evidence that it cannot ever be achieved in this context.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

About the Exhibition

About the author

Gaynor, Andrea

University of Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor is Associate Professor of History at the University of Western Australia. An environmental historian, she seeks to use the contextualizing and narrative power of history to address contemporary problems. She is co-editor, with Nick Rose, of Reclaiming the Urban Commons: The Past, Present and Future of Food Growing in Australian Towns and Cities (UWAP 2018). At UWA, she is Chair of the History Discipline Group and Director of the Centre for Western Australian History; she also convenes the Australian and New Zealand Environmental History Network and endeavors to inform policy as a member of The Beeliar Group: Professors for Environmental Responsibility.

Cook, Margaret

University of Queensland & La Trobe University, Australia

Dr Margaret Cook is an environmental historian, cultural heritage consultant, a Post-Thesis Fellow at the University of Queensland, and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University. Her PhD, completed in 2018, explored the history of floods in the Brisbane River and her findings have been published in national and international journals and in a forthcoming book, A River with a City Problem, with University of Queensland Press. Her current research deals with the colonial settlement of central Queensland for the production of cotton in the 1920s, particularly gender, climate and water.

orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0658

Frost, Lionel

Monash University, Australia

Born and raised in Melbourne, Lionel Frost is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Monash Business School at Monash University. He is current President of the Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, and has published extensively on urban and economic history in Australia and North America. Recent publications include “The Economic History of the Pacific,” in J. R. McNeill and K. Pomeranz (eds), The Cambridge World History Volume VII: Production, Destruction, and Competition, 1750–Present (2015).

Gregory, Jenny

University of Western Australia

Jenny Gregory AM, is Emeritus Professor of History at The University of Western Australia, after a career at UWA that included time as Head of the School of Humanities, Chair of History and Director of UWA Press. Author of numerous publications in the fields of urban history, planning and heritage, her current research projects include responses to water famines and past governance of water and sanitation in Australian cities. Currently President of the History Council of WA, she has received a number of awards for her contribution to her profession and the community.

Morgan, Ruth

Monash University, Australia

Ruth Morgan is a Senior Research Fellow in the History Program at Monash University. She has published widely on the climate and water histories of Australia and the British Empire, including her award-winning book, Running Out? Water in Western Australia (2015). Her current project, on environmental exchanges between British India and the Australian colonies, has been generously supported by the Australian Research Council and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She is also a Lead Author in Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment Report 6.

Shanahan, Martin

University of South Australia

Martin Shanahan is Professor of Economic and Business History at the University of South Australia and visiting Professor at the University of Goteborg (Sweden). He has written extensively on wealth inequality, business cartels, water markets, and climate change from the perspective of economic and business history. He is currently involved in a number of projects, including work (with Lionel Frost) that examines the impact on health and living standards of variations in access to water in two Australian cities.

Spearritt, Peter

University of Queensland, Australia

Peter Spearritt began his scholarly life as an urban historian and continues to be fascinated by how cities function and the impact they have on their environment. His Sydney’s Century: A History (2000) traces the growth of Australia’s largest city over the twentieth century, while Where History Happened (2018) examines urban and rural sites, from Cooktown in North Queensland to New Norcia, the Benedictine Abbey north of Perth. He is a critic of quick-fix solutions to urban water shortages, especially the building of desalination plants, when household water tanks and lowering household use of water would suffice in most instances.

Avey, Susan

University of South Australia

Dr Susan Avey is an architect and urban historian. Her research interests include individual agency in the historical development of urban environments, discovering everyday lived experiences of cities through historical data as well as the potential of drawing as a historical research tool. Recently Susan has worked in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia and the International School of Hotel Management as a lecturer, studio educator, and academic researcher. She is currently engaged as a researcher in the School of Commerce at UniSA.

Etherington, Nathan

University of Sydney, Australia

Nathan Etherington is a doctoral candidate at the University of Sydney and a registered architect. He has degrees in architecture and arts from Harvard and the University of Sydney and his research is located at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urban environments. Nathan is the founder and principal of NEA, an architecture practice based in Sydney. His current research interests explore the construction of urban landscapes through engineering and infrastructure.

Gralton, Elizabeth

University of Western Australia

Elizabeth Gralton has a PhD in nineteenth-century French history from the University of Western Australia. Her research focused on contemporary reactions to and portrayals of the Paris Universal Exhibitions. She has taught in the areas of nineteenth-century Europe, early-modern France, urban history and art history. She is now based in Melbourne, working as a research consultant and studying cultural materials conservation.

Martin, Daniel

University of Western Australia

Daniel Jan Martin is a designer, urbanist, and researcher based in the School of Design at The University of Western Australia. He studies urban ecology and hydrology in relationship to architecture and urbanism. His work has focussed on mapping, environmental communication, and education. Since 2016, Daniel has worked within the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities where his current research is exploring strategies for coordinating infill housing with ecological repair.

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Changing Landscapes and River Control

In this chapter of their virtual exhibition “‘Commanding, Sovereign Stream’: The Neva and the Viennese Danube in the History of Imperial Metropolitan Centers,” the authors examine the dynamic landscapes of the Neva and Danube Rivers, the ways they determine people’s lives and are also modified to secure people’s needs and protect them from flooding.

“Commanding, Sovereign Stream”:
The Neva and the Viennese Danube in the History of Imperial Metropolitan Centers

The exhibition aims to reveal and visualize the power of mighty rivers so crucially important for the history of St. Petersburg and Vienna—the major imperial centers of continental Europe in the modern era.

Gertrud Haidvogl, Alexei Kraikovski, and Julia Lajus

About the author

Haidvogl, Gertrud

Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria

Gertrud Haidvogl studied history at the University of Vienna. She works at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, and is specialized in the history of riverine landscapes and historical changes of fish populations. Haidvogl is a member of the Center for Environmental History Vienna.

Kraikovski, Alexei

Laboratory for Environmental and Technological History at National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia

Alexei Kraikovski graduated from St. Petersburg University and got his PhD in history from the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2005. He is Associate Professor of History and Senior Research Fellow at at the Laboratory for Environmental and Technological History at National Research University Higher School of Economics. His research interests include marine environmental history, urban history, the history of urban rivers, economic history, historical geography, and resource studies.

orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-7954

Lajus, Julia

Laboratory for Environmental and Technological History at National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia

Julia Lajus has a Candidate of Science degree (Russian PhD degree) from the Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences. She is Associate Professor of History and Leading Research Fellow at at the Laboratory for Environmental and Technological History at National Research University Higher School of Economics. Her research interests include the environmental history of biological resources, especially in marine and polar areas, and the history of field sciences such as fisheries and oceanography. Julia Lajus served as the vice president of the European Society of Environmental History (ESEH) from 2011-2015.

floods

Australian Cities Timeline

Click on the screenshot below to open the interactive timeline.

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Sydney: Dam Water, Filth to the Ocean

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Perth: Water Beneath the City

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

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Melbourne: DIY Infrastructure

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Introduction

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Adelaide: Restricted Development

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Brisbane: Dams and the Subtropical Challenge

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Further Reading

Adelaide

Drought, Mud, Filth, and Flood: Water Crises in Australian Cities, 1880s–2010s

About the author

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Changing Landscapes and River Control

“Commanding, Sovereign Stream”: The Neva and the Viennese Danube in the History of Imperial Metropolitan Centers

About the author

Browse the exhibition

“Commanding, Sovereign Stream”:
The Neva and the Viennese Danube in the History of Imperial Metropolitan Centers