A review of economist Óscar Carpintero’s history of resource use in the Spanish economy.

This study explores the hypothesis that a serious reduction in “landscape efficiency,” typified by significant landscape degradation, underlies the increase observed in external inputs and the corresponding loss of energy efficiency that the agrarian system has undergone over the last 150 years.

Finland first mad the switch from indigenous energy sources—fuel wood, wood refuse, and hydropower—to imported fossil fuels in the 1960s, during a hightened phase of industrialization. This article is an analysis of developments leading up to this change.

A nuanced treatment of the relation between peasant protests and environment with reference to a broad range of examples from Mediterranean Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa.