Markus Peterson and Tarla Rai Peterson outline the history of valuation techniques using the Exxon Valdez disaster response and the valuation of whooping cranes as examples of how these tools can constrain policy, presenting an ethical dilemma for democracies by naturalizing, then ethicizing, existing patterns of domination.

Paul Craig, Harold Glasser, and Willett Kempton interview senior policy advisors to four European governments active in global climate change negotiations and the UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) process.

Shrader-Frechette and McCoy use examples related to preservation versus development, hunting versus animal rights, and controversies over pest control, to show that, because ecology is conceptually and theoretically underdetermined, environmental values often influence the practice of ecological science.

John M. Francis examines the dilemma that arises from the British application of “voluntary principle” legislation to long-term land management strategies in support of nature conservation.