The Machine upgraded by Dufrayer was able to pump the impressive amount of 20,000 m3 per day but new concern threatened its existence: the Seine waters growing pollution.
The Tumu Crisis, a nomadic invasion of the Ming Dynasty in the 1450s, coincided with the Spörer Minimum—a period of cooler-than-average temperatures known for having triggered famines and unrest in Europe.
Arcadia: Explorations in Environmental History is an open-access, peer-reviewed publication platform for short, illustrated, and engaging environmental histories. Embedded in a particular time and place, each story focuses on a site, event, person, organization, or species as it relates to nature and human society. By publishing digitally on the Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia promotes accessibility and visibility of original research in global environmental history and cognate disciplines.